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The Yeghishe Charents Monument in Yerevan honors the celebrated Armenian poet. Created in 1985, this bronze sculpture symbolizes his life and legacy with 40 springs and a memorial column inscribed with lines from his poetry. < Back Yeghishe Charents Monument in Yerevan The Yeghishe Charents Monument in Yerevan honors the celebrated Armenian poet. Created in 1985, this bronze sculpture symbolizes his life and legacy with 40 springs and a memorial column inscribed with lines from his poetry. Yeghishe Charents (1897–1937), a prominent Armenian poet and writer, fell victim to the Yezhovshchina during Stalin’s Great Purge. Charged with “counterrevolutionary and nationalist activity,” he was imprisoned and died under mysterious circumstances, with his burial place remaining unknown. His books were banned, but many of his manuscripts were saved by his close friend, Regina Ghazaryan, who secretly preserved them. Yeghishe Charents monument in Yerevan The Yeghishe Charents Monument, erected in 1985, stands in Yerevan's Circular Park, opposite the Radio House. This 18.5-meter-tall bronze monument, created by architect Jim Torosyan and sculptor Nikoghayos Nikoghosyan, is a multi-figure composition. Nikoghayos Nikoghosyan working on the Yeghishe Charents monument, 1980 One side has 40 flowing springs representing Charents' years of life, while the other side rises as a memorial column crowned with an eternal flame. This column is inscribed with lines from Charents' poetry: «Ես եկել եմ դարերից ու գնում եմ հաղթական Դեպի դարերը նորից՝ դեպի վառվող Ապագան…»։ ("I have come from centuries and I am moving forward victoriously Toward the centuries again—toward the blazing Future..."). Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia

Acclimatization is the physiological process by which your body adjusts to lower oxygen levels (hypoxia) at high altitudes. As you ascend, the atmospheric pressure decreases, meaning there are fewer oxygen molecules in each breath you take. This reduced oxygen availability can lead to altitude sickness, a range of potentially serious conditions. Proper acclimatization is crucial for safe and enjoyable mountaineering, especially when tackling peaks above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). Let’s talk about the process. < Back Acclimatization: The Key to Safe and Successful High-Altitude Climbing Acclimatization is the physiological process by which your body adjusts to lower oxygen levels (hypoxia) at high altitudes. As you ascend, the atmospheric pressure decreases, meaning there are fewer oxygen molecules in each breath you take. This reduced oxygen availability can lead to altitude sickness, a range of potentially serious conditions. Proper acclimatization is crucial for safe and enjoyable mountaineering, especially when tackling peaks above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). Let’s talk about the process. To grasp the importance of acclimatization in mountaineering, imagine this: if a person were to suddenly arrive at the summit of Mount Everest (8,848 meters) from sea level without proper acclimatization, their body would face an immediate, life-threatening crisis due to the extreme altitude and severe lack of oxygen. Here's what would happen: 1. Severe Hypoxia (Lack of Oxygen) At the summit of Everest, the atmospheric pressure is only about one-third of that at sea level, meaning the oxygen available is drastically reduced. Without acclimatization, the body cannot extract enough oxygen to sustain basic physiological functions. This would lead to confusion, loss of consciousness, and eventually death if oxygen isn't supplied immediately. 2. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) Symptoms like headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue would set in almost instantly due to the lack of oxygen. 3. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) The sudden exposure to high altitude could cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs, leading to extreme shortness of breath, a dry cough that may progress to pink frothy sputum, and a feeling of suffocation. 4. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) Swelling in the brain due to hypoxia could occur, leading to confusion, hallucinations, loss of coordination, and possibly coma. 5. Extreme Fatigue and Circulatory Stress The lack of oxygen would place immense strain on the cardiovascular system. The heart rate would skyrocket in an attempt to deliver more oxygen to tissues, while muscles would rapidly tire, rendering movement almost impossible. 6. Rapid Deterioration and Likely Death Within minutes to hours, the combination of hypoxia, fluid buildup in the lungs and brain, and the body's inability to adapt would lead to death unless immediate medical intervention, such as supplemental oxygen and descent to a lower altitude, is provided. This scenario underscores the importance of gradual acclimatization, which allows the body to adapt to lower oxygen levels by increasing red blood cell production, improving oxygen delivery to tissues, and reducing the risk of altitude-related illnesses. So why is Acclimatization Important? Without proper acclimatization, you risk developing altitude sickness, which can manifest in several forms: Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS): The mildest form, with symptoms like headache, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Fluid buildup in the lungs, a potentially life-threatening condition. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE): Swelling of the brain, also life-threatening. Acclimatization allows your body to adapt to the lower oxygen levels by: Increasing breathing rate: To take in more oxygen. Producing more red blood cells: To carry more oxygen throughout the body. Releasing more of an enzyme that facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to the body tissues. Adjusting kidney function: To maintain proper fluid balance. Members of 1924 Everest expedition. “We certainly, in 1924, did learn a great deal about the extent to which acclimatization is progressive. It was also quite clearly established, I think, that those who had lived for considerable periods at a height of over 16,000 feet, even after the lapse of two years, got their acclimatization more rapidly than beginners. Even in 1922 we noticed that Mallory was far fitter at high altitudes than anyone else at the start.” - The Fight for Everest 1924: Mallory, Irvine and the Quest for Everest by E.F. Norton How Acclimatization Works: The key principle of acclimatization is gradual ascent. This allows your body time to adjust to each new altitude. The general guidelines are: "Climb High, Sleep Low": Ascend to a higher altitude during the day, but descend to a lower altitude to sleep. This exposes your body to the lower oxygen levels but allows it to recover at a lower altitude. 300-500 meters (1,000-1,600 feet) per day above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet): This is a general guideline for ascent rate. However, individual responses vary, and you may need to ascend slower. To illustrate the acclimatization process in mountaineering, let's examine two peaks: Lenin Peak (7,134 meters) and Mount Everest (8,848 meters). Acclimatization on Mount Lenin: A Detailed Look The entire expedition to Mount Lenin typically spans 14 to 21 days, with a significant portion dedicated to acclimatization. This period allows climbers to progressively adjust to higher elevations, ensuring the body adapts adequately to the reduced oxygen availability. While not as high as Everest, Mount Lenin's altitude still presents a significant challenge and requires careful acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness. Here's a typical approach: 1. Arrival and Trek to Base Camp (approx. 3-4 days): Most expeditions start in Osh, Kyrgyzstan, from where you'll travel to Base Camp (BC) at "Achik-Tash" (3,600m / 11,800ft). This journey is often done by vehicle, but it's still important to take it relatively easy on the first day at BC to begin the acclimatization process. Some operators include a short acclimatization hike to "Edelweiss Meadow" (around 3,800m / 12,500ft) near BC. 2. Acclimatization Rotations (approx. 10-14 days): The core of acclimatization on Lenin Peak involves a series of rotations between different camps: "Climb High, Sleep Low" Principle: Climbers will typically ascend to a higher camp, spend some time there to acclimatize, and then descend back to a lower camp to sleep. This process is repeated multiple times. Rest Days: Rest days at Base Camp and Camp 1 are essential for recovery and adaptation. Base Camp (3,600m / 11,800ft) to Camp 1 (4,400m / 14,400ft): This is a relatively straightforward hike across moraine and some gentle glacier terrain. Camp 1 (4,400m / 14,400ft) to Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft): This is a more challenging day, involving steeper slopes and potentially some fixed ropes. Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft) to Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft) or Razdelnaya Peak (6,148m / 20,170ft): This is the most crucial acclimatization stage. Spending nights at Camp 3 or even making a short ascent to Razdelnaya Peak and returning to Camp 2 is highly recommended. 3. Summit Push (approx. 3-4 days): Once acclimatized, the summit push typically follows this schedule: Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft) to Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft): Move up to Camp 3. Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft) to High Camp (6,400m / 21,000ft) or Camp 4 (6,900m / 22,600ft - less common): Move to the highest camp. Some expeditions skip Camp 4 to shorten the summit day. Summit Day: Start very early (around midnight or 1 am) for the summit push. The route involves climbing on snow and ice slopes, with some sections that may require the use of ropes and ice axes. Descent: Descend as quickly as possible after reaching the summit to avoid spending too much time at high altitude. Typical Timeline Summary: Arrival and Trek to BC: 3-4 days Acclimatization Rotations: 10-14 days Summit Push and Descent: 3-4 days Total Expedition Time: 16-22 days (approximately 2-3 weeks) Key Considerations for Mount Lenin Acclimatization: Altitude: While lower than Everest, 7,134m is still very high, and altitude sickness can be a serious concern. Weather: The weather on Lenin Peak can be unpredictable, with strong winds and sudden changes in temperature. Crevasses: There are crevasses on the route, especially on the glacier sections, so proper glacier travel skills and rope techniques are essential. Individual Acclimatization: As with any high-altitude climb, individual responses to altitude vary. It's vital to listen to your body and descend if you experience symptoms of altitude sickness. “At the same spot where the British pioneers set up their base camp, I camped for more than 2 months. From there I put an intermediate camp at 6,000 meters and 500 meters higher, my advanced base camp as a starting point for the solo climb to the summit. From base camp, I made numerous acclimatization and reconnaissance sorties to the north, west, and south.” - Reinhold Messner, “Crystal Horizon: Everest - The First Solo Ascent”. For more about Messner's acclimatization process check out this article The Everest Acclimatization Process: A Detailed Look The goal of acclimatization on Everest is to gradually expose your body to the decreasing oxygen levels at higher altitudes, allowing it to adapt and minimize the risk of altitude sickness. This is achieved through a series of ascents and descents, known as rotations. 1. Trek to Base Camp (approx. 8-10 days): The journey typically begins with a trek to Everest Base Camp (EBC) at 5,364 meters (17,598 feet). This trek itself is part of the acclimatization process, as you gradually gain altitude over several days. You'll typically spend nights in villages like Namche Bazaar (3,440m/11,290ft) and Dingboche (4,410m/14,470ft), allowing your body to adjust to the increasing altitude. 2. Acclimatization Rotations (approx. 4-6 weeks): Once at EBC, climbers begin a series of rotations, climbing to higher camps and then descending back to EBC to rest and recover. This "climb high, sleep low" strategy is crucial for acclimatization. Typical Rotations: EBC to Camp 1 (6,065m/19,898ft): This involves navigating the Khumbu Icefall, a dangerous and constantly moving glacier. Camp 1 (6,500m/21,300ft) to Camp 2 (6,500m/21,300ft): This section involves climbing up the Western Cwm, a relatively flat glacier valley. Camp 2 (6,500m/21,300ft) to Camp 3 (7,200m/23,600ft): This is a steeper climb up the Lhotse Face. Sometimes a rotation to Camp 4 (7,900m/25,900ft) is included: This is the final camp before the summit push. Rest at Base Camp: After each rotation, climbers spend several days at EBC to rest and allow their bodies to adapt to the new altitude. 3. Summit Push (approx. 4-7 days): Once climbers are sufficiently acclimatized, they begin their summit push. This involves moving from EBC to higher camps in stages, eventually reaching Camp 4, the final camp before the summit. The summit push itself is a long and arduous process, typically taking around 16-20 hours. After reaching the summit, climbers descend as quickly as possible to avoid spending too much time in the "Death Zone" (above 8,000m/26,200ft). Timeline Summary: Trek to Base Camp: 8-10 days Acclimatization Rotations: 4-6 weeks Summit Push: 4-7 days Total Expedition Time: 6-10 weeks Important Considerations for Everest Acclimatization: Individual Variation: Everyone acclimatizes at different rates. It's crucial to listen to your body and descend if you experience symptoms of altitude sickness. Weather: Weather conditions can significantly impact the acclimatization process. Storms can force climbers to stay at lower altitudes for longer periods. Supplemental Oxygen: Most climbers use supplemental oxygen above 7,000 meters to reduce the risk of altitude sickness and improve performance. Experience and Fitness: Prior mountaineering experience and a high level of physical fitness are essential for a successful Everest climb. Key Takeaway: Acclimatization on Everest is a complex and lengthy process that requires careful planning and execution. It's crucial to work with experienced guides and listen to your body to ensure a safe and successful climb. Important Note: This information is for general knowledge and planning purposes only. Climbing Mount Lenin or Mount Everest is a serious undertaking, and it's crucial to have proper mountaineering experience, training, and equipment. It's highly recommended to join a guided expedition with experienced guides. Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia

Explore Apaga Village's rich cultural heritage and its iconic House of Culture, featuring the monumental "Sasuntsiner" fresco by Sargis Muradyan. < Back This culture house in Apaga village features an amazing fresco Explore Apaga Village's rich cultural heritage and its iconic House of Culture, featuring the monumental "Sasuntsiner" fresco by Sargis Muradyan. Apaga Village, a settlement of Sassoon people established in 1919, became home to survivors from the Motkan province of Bitlis state in Western Armenia after the Armenian Genocide. The House of Culture of Apaga Village, erected in 1973, fostered vibrant cultural activities until the 1990s. Subsequently, due to neglect, the building suffered extensive damage to its roof, floor, and assets. From 2009 to 2019, partial restoration was undertaken using community budget funds to prevent further deterioration. The culture house of Apaga village In 1974, within the House of Culture, folk artist Sargis Muradyan created the monumental "Sasuntsiner" fresco (18 x 3.70 m), today recognized as a newly discovered monument of national significance. Muradyan conceived the sketch independently, while creating the fresco with assistance from Hrachya Hakobyan, Garnik Smbatyan, and R. Sargsyan. The fresco stands as a pinnacle of monumental painting in Soviet Armenia, defying prevailing norms by depicting heroes of the liberation struggle at a time when such portrayals were viewed as nationalist in the Soviet context. At its core, the expansive horizontal composition features an Armenian woman as the central figure in traditional dress, cradling a child. Alongside her are prominent symbols such as the parchment scroll of the epic poem "Sasna Tsrer," a khachkar, and a rifle resting on a cradle. The left segment vividly portrays Armenian fighters engaged in combat with Turks, prominently featuring the heroic figure of fedayi leader Andranik. On the right, the scene centers on the funeral pyre of Gevorg Chaush, with Muradyan himself depicted as a fidayi. A wide lens is needed to capture this image in a single shot Fedayis were irregular units formed by Armenian civilians who voluntarily left their families to establish self-defense groups in response to the mass murder and pillaging of Armenians by Turkish and Kurdish gangs during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Join my urban explorer tours to uncover the hidden marvels of Armenia! For a personalized itinerary, please contact me. Project Gallery You May Also Like Destroyed Bas-Reliefs of Armenia Exploring the Unfinished Depths of Yerevan Metro The Destroyed Statues of Armenia KANAZ: The Cultural Heart of Kanaker’s Aluminium Factory Urban Exploration Tour with Carlus in a Lada Niva Urban Explorer Tour with a French Photographer This Trophy 1m Schmidt Telescope Was Hitler's Gift to Mussolini Lenin in Armenia Previous Next

Discover the "King of the Forest" statue by renowned Armenian artist Ara Sargsyan, nestled deep within the woods of Dilijan National Forest. < Back King of the Forest Statue in Dilijan Discover the "King of the Forest" statue by renowned Armenian artist Ara Sargsyan, nestled deep within the woods of Dilijan National Forest. In 1966, while resting with his family on the forested slopes of Dilijan, Ara Sargsyan stayed at a government summer house built for Aghasi Khanjyan . During a stroll, the sculptor noticed a giant tree with spreading branches and was inspired to breathe life into it through his art. Ara Sargsyan and the statue "King of the Forest", 1968 Previously, in 1923, Sargsyan had created a wooden statue titled "Goatman," representing a divine figure from ancient Greek mythology associated with the forest. In 1967, he revisited and reimagined this work, giving it a new look and renaming it "King of the Forest." The statue is located just a few meters away from Aghasi Khanjyan's former summer house. Coordinates of the statue: 40°44'13"N 44°51'41"E Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia

This church in Mrgashat village, Armenia, boasts a design that immediately caught my eye! I had never seen any church in Armenia with wooden columns before, making it truly stand out < Back An Armenian church with a unique design This church in Mrgashat village, Armenia, boasts a design that immediately caught my eye! I had never seen any church in Armenia with wooden columns before, making it truly stand out Known as the Holy Mother of God Church or Surb Astsvatsatsin Church in Armenian, it is an Armenian Apostolic Holy Church situated in the village of Mrgashat in the Armavir region of Armenia. It was constructed in the 19th century. The Church of the Holy Mother of God in Mrgashat village was erected in 1865 and consecrated in 1903, replacing a chapel that previously occupied the site. Before the renovation the basilica-style structure featured an earth-covered roof. It is constructed of black and yellow tuff stone, measuring (33 x 17) meters. During the Soviet era, particularly from 1937 to 1980, the church was repurposed as a grain warehouse. In 2007, renovations of the church commenced. On October 15, 2011, it was re-consecrated by the head of the diocese, Fr. Sion Bishop Adamyan. Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia

Emile Leray is a French engineer and adventurer who has performed some incredible feats of ingenuity and survival. One of his most remarkable stories is how in 1993 he managed to escape from the Sahara desert on a makeshift motorcycle made out of parts of his broken-down car. This is Emile Leray's survival story... < Back Emile Leray’s miraculous escape from the Sahara desert Emile Leray is a French engineer and adventurer who has performed some incredible feats of ingenuity and survival. One of his most remarkable stories is how in 1993 he managed to escape from the Sahara desert on a makeshift motorcycle made out of parts of his broken-down car. This is Emile Leray's survival story... Emile Leray was on a solo trip in Morocco in 1993, driving his Citroën 2CV, when he hit a large rock and damaged his car’s chassis. He was stranded 20 miles from the nearest village, with only enough food and water to last for 10 days. He had no radio, no phone, and no spare tire. He was facing certain death in the vast and harsh desert. Emile Leray and his broken-down Citroën 2CV. Photo credts: Emile Leray But Leray did not give up hope. He decided to use his skills as an electrician and his knowledge of mechanics to create a new vehicle that could carry him out of the desert. He spent 12 days and 11 nights working on his project, using tools such as pliers, hammers, saws, and drills. He removed the body of his car and used it as a shelter. He took three wheels from his car and attached them to a frame that he shortened and fixed with axles. He converted the rear bumper into a seat and put the engine in front of it. He placed the suspension on the rear wheel and rigged the ignition to the handlebar so that he could control it like a motorcycle. Emile Leray and his makeshift motorcycle. Photo credits: Emile Leray Leray’s makeshift motorcycle was not perfect, but it worked well enough for him to ride across the desert. He faced many challenges along the way, such as sandstorms, heat waves, scorpions, snakes, and wild animals. He also had to deal with hunger, thirst, fatigue, and loneliness. But he never lost sight of his goal: reaching civilization. Surprisingly, on his way to Tan-Tan, Leray was stopped by the police and fined 4,550 dirhams (450 euros) because his creation didn’t conform to the specifications of the Citroën 2CV. Emile Leray presents the motorcycle he constructed from his Citroën 2CV car at the Midwest Dream Car Collection in Manhattan, KS, on October 4, 2019. (Dylan Connell | Collegian Media Group On the TV show MythBusters, which airs on the Discovery Channel, the hosts, Adam Savage and Jamie Heineman, tried to make a motorcycle from a 2CV. In episode 227 named “Transformers” (season 5), they got their hands on a 1967 Citroën 2CV and drove it to a landfill in Kirby Canyon, California. There, they took it apart, keeping the engine and gearbox. After learning about Leray’s original design, Heineman and Savage tested if the transformation could really work to see if the story was true. Even though their finding on MythBusters was that it was a myth, meaning they thought it couldn't happen, other people have tried it and had more success. Leray’s miraculous escape from the Sahara desert made headlines around the world. It also inspired many people who faced similar situations or who admired Leray’s creativity and courage. Leray still owns his motorcycle today, along with some other inventions that he has made over the years. He says that he is always looking for new challenges and adventures. Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia

This article sheds light on Armenian inventors who have made noteworthy contributions to humanity. They serve as examples of how creativity, curiosity, and perseverance can lead to remarkable achievements. Let's celebrate their legacy and honor their memory by learning from their inventions and discoveries and making practical use of them! < Back Famous Armenian Inventors This article sheds light on Armenian inventors who have made noteworthy contributions to humanity. They serve as examples of how creativity, curiosity, and perseverance can lead to remarkable achievements. Let's celebrate their legacy and honor their memory by learning from their inventions and discoveries and making practical use of them! Since the greatest human invention is widely regarded as the alphabet, I decided to start this list with Mesrop Mashtots! Statues of Mesrop Mashtots and his student Koryun in front of Matenadaran Regarded as the father of the Armenian alphabet (405 AD), Mesrop Mashtots created one of the earliest alphabets globally. He is also considered to be the creator of the Caucasian Albanian and Georgian alphabets by a number of scholars. Raymond Vahan Damadian with the machine he named 'Indomitable,' which made the world's first MRI scan on July 3, 1977. (This picture was taken at the Smithsonian Institution Exhibit in 1986) Raymond Vahan Damadian was an American-Armenia physician, medical practitioner, and the inventor of the first NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) scanning machine. Damadian's research into sodium and potassium in living cells led him to his first experiments with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which prompted him to propose the MR body scanner in 1969. His discovery that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) due to their prolonged relaxation times, both T1 (spin-lattice relaxation) or T2 (spin-spin relaxation), laid the foundation for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In 1977, Damadian performed the first full-body scan of a human being to diagnose cancer, using the method he invented. Throughout his career, Damadian received several prizes for his groundbreaking contributions. In 2001, the Lemelson-MIT Prize Program honored him with its $100,000 Lifetime Achievement Award, recognizing him as "the man who invented the MRI scanner. Luther George Simjian Known as the "Father of the ATM," Simjian designed the first automated teller machine, changing how we access cash. With over 200 patents, primarily related to optics and electronics, his contributions include a pioneering flight simulator and improvements to the teleprompter. Artem Mikoyan An aeronautical mastermind, Mikoyan co-founded the MiG aircraft design bureau, responsible for some of the world's most iconic fighter jets. Under his leadership (together with M.I. Gurevich and V.A. Romodin), the MiG-1 and MiG-3 fighter aircraft that participated in the Great Patriotic War were created. After the war, the Mikoyan Design Bureau developed the MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19, MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-25, MiG-27, and MiG-29 fighters. A total of 55 world records were set on Mikoyan Design Bureau aircraft. Oscar H. Banker (born Asatour Sarafian) Asatour Sarafian, an Armenian-American inventor, patented various works, including an automatic transmission for automobiles, a needleless inoculation gun, the primary controls of the first Sikorsky helicopter, and power steering. Known as the "Ice Cream Cone King," Tatosian patented the first waffle cone mold, enhancing the enjoyment of the quintessential summertime treat. Waffle cones were hand-rolled until 1912 when Frederick Bruckman is believed to have invented a rolling machine. In 1923, Harry G. Tatosian secured a U.S. patent for a machine to roll ice cream cones. In 1924, Carl R. Taylor received a U.S. patent for a machine that, in conjunction with a wafer baking machine, rolled cones from hot waffles, simultaneously cooling them. Here is a list of patents related to various machines: Melba toast making machine (thin slice of toasted bread, patent US2349583A) Ice cream cone forming and placing machine (US1804039A) Ice cream cone rolling machine (US1576011A) Cake making and forming machine (US2321634A) Cooking method Melba Toast Maker (US2349582A) Iron Cake Baking Machine (US2029448A) Toast Maker (US2514977A) Sugar Cone Baking Machine (US1540041A) Iron Baking Machine and Stripper (US1936649A) Baking Machine (US1936649A) Cake transfer machine (US2722178A) Ice cream cone rolling machine (second patent, US1440851A) Sugar cone making machine (US2213727A) Endless ribbon blade bread slicer (US2569545A) Ice cream machine (US1765464A) Pastry cone design (USD64482S) Cake Making and Forming Machine (CA413727A) Sarkis Acopian (1947) Sarkis Akopian studied mechanical engineering at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, before leaving to serve in the United States Army. After receiving an honorable discharge, he graduated from Lafayette with a B.S. in mechanical engineering. After graduation, Akopian joined Weller Electric Corp., where he designed a power sander and a soldering gun, which later became their main products. Motivated by his success, he founded Acopian Technical Company in 1957 with a small loan. There, he designed and manufactured the first solar radio, promoted as "Revolutionary – No Batteries or Outside Electrical Plug-ins – Uses light for its source of energy." In 1960, the company began manufacturing low-cost, plug-in regulated power supplies utilizing vacuum tubes. Akopian's inventions include engine power supplies, air and fuel purification devices, and electrical energy converters. Hovannes Adamian An Armenian engineer and inventor of more than 20 creations, Adamian played a crucial role in the development of color television. The first experimental color television, based on Adamian's tricolor principle, was showcased in London in 1928, marking him as one of the founders of color television. Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia

Explore the bold and functional world of Soviet Brutalist architecture. Discover iconic structures like the “Druzhba” Sanatorium in Yalta and the Ministry of Highway Construction in Tbilisi. Learn about the architects behind these monumental designs and the historical context that shaped this unique architectural style. < Back Brutalist Architecture in the Soviet Union Explore the bold and functional world of Soviet Brutalist architecture. Discover iconic structures like the “Druzhba” Sanatorium in Yalta and the Ministry of Highway Construction in Tbilisi. Learn about the architects behind these monumental designs and the historical context that shaped this unique architectural style. Brutalist architecture is a style that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by its stark, geometric designs and the use of raw concrete. The term “Brutalism” comes from the French word “béton brut,” meaning raw concrete, which was a primary material used in this architectural style. The plasticity of concrete, its "sculptural" possibilities were hardly the main element of the artistic language of neo-brutalist architects. Brutalism is known for its massive, monolithic structures and a focus on functionality over form. Origins and Key Figures Brutalism began in the United Kingdom in the 1950s, with architects like Alison and Peter Smithson leading the movement. They were inspired by the works of Le Corbusier, particularly his use of raw concrete and modular design. The style quickly spread across Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and in the 1970s and 1980s also in the USSR. Brutalism in the Soviet Union In the Soviet Union, Brutalism took on a unique character, influenced by the region’s political, social, and economic conditions. Soviet architects embraced Brutalism for its cost-effectiveness and the ability to create large-scale housing and public buildings quickly. The style became prominent in the 1970s and 1980s, with many iconic structures still standing today. The architectural style is characterized by: Functionality First: The primary focus is on the practical use of the building, ensuring it serves its intended purpose efficiently. Exposed Materials: Brutalist buildings often feature raw concrete, steel, and glass, leaving these materials exposed rather than covering them with decorative elements. Simple, Geometric Forms: The aesthetic is dominated by straightforward, geometric shapes that emphasize the building’s structure and function. Monumental Scale: Many Brutalist structures are large and imposing, reflecting the power and permanence of the institutions they house. Famous Examples of Soviet Brutalist Architecture Druzhba Sanatorium Druzhba Sanatorium, (Yalta, 1985). Пансионат "Дружба" (Ялта, 1985) The “Druzhba” Sanatorium in Yalta is a striking example of Soviet Brutalism. Built by 1985 under the leadership of a team of architects from the Kurortproekt Institute under the leadership of I. A. Vasilevsky., this building resembles a UFO with its circular structure and elevated position. In 1980, the leaders of the trade unions of the USSR and Czechoslovakia decided to jointly build the Druzhba boarding house in Crimea for workers of the two countries. A difficult site with a 40-degree slope between the road and the unique Golden Beach was allocated for the construction of the boarding house. The construction site had a crack in the earth's crust, experienced landslides, and was characterized by a seismicity rating of 9 points. A special building project was developed by the design team of "Kurortproekt" in 1978-1980, including architects I. A. Vasilevsky, Y. Stefanchuk, V. Divnov, L. Kesler, and engineers N. V. Kancheli, B. Guryevich, E. Vladimirov, E. Ruzyakov, E. Kim, V. Maltz, V. Hansgorye, and E. Fedorov. They proposed a stable structure on three tower supports, which transferred the load from the building to the rock. The centerpiece of the composition is a glass atrium shaped like a crystal. Public spaces are located on different levels. The base is formed by a swimming pool bowl suspended from the building's three supports. In the center, there is a light and music fountain. Frequent stained glass windows around the fountain create the illusion of a moving water space. At night, this effect is enhanced by the illumination of three crystal chandeliers, turning the atrium into a glowing crystal. On the central terrace of the atrium there is a plastic composition “Awakening”, made of ceramics. (Artist R. Tsuzmer, architect R. Tevosyan). Hotel rooms are located behind the outer ring of the building and face the sea. Between the rooms and the atrium are open light wells. The supports are encircled by a glass corridor-gallery, which widens conically upward through the floors. This area houses a cafe, billiard room, and gym. The building is crowned by a three-part cantilevered restaurant. The roof of the fifth floor is at the level of the driveway and the main entrance to the resort. The roof features an observation deck with a panoramic view at a height of 56 meters above sea level. The building’s supports contain three high-speed elevators that transport guests to the residential floors and the seashore. Thanks to the architectural design of the building, the natural slope and existing vegetation remained unchanged. Additionally, for the first time on the entire site, heating and hot water were provided using thermal energy from the sea. Ship-house" on Bolshoi Tula Street "Ship-house" on Bolshoi Tula Street (Moscow, 1973-1986). "Дом-корабль" на Большой Тульской улице (Москва, 1973–1986) The “Ship-house” on Bolshaya Tulskaya Street in Moscow is another notable example. This residential complex, designed by architects Vladimir Davidovich Babad and Vsevolod Leonidovich Voskresensky, was constructed between 1972 and 1986. The Ship House is a 14-story residential building on Bolshaya Tulskaya Street in Moscow, known for its unusual shape and colossal size. It is also referred to as the "Titanic," "the house of nuclear engineers," "the bachelor's house," and the "horizontal skyscraper." The building is 400 meters long, 15 meters wide, and 50 meters tall. It has 14 floors, including two technical floors without windows. Additionally, it features duplex apartments on the 12th and 14th floors, and all floors, except the second and thirteenth, are residential. The building contains a total of 980 apartments. Residents began moving into one end of the building while the other end was still under construction. Due to the fact that V. Babad, previously worked exclusively on the construction of atomic reactors, he incorporated some of their features into this building. For example, the building has high seismic resistance, with facades and ends positioned at angles of 87° and 93° (instead of 90°) to each other to prevent folding. House of Aviators on Begovaya Street (Moscow, Russia) The Aviators’ House on Begovaya Street (also known as the “Centipede House,” “Octopus House,” or “House on Stilts”) is a unique 13-story brutalist residential complex with 299 apartments. Designed by architect Andrey Meerson and completed in 1978, it was originally intended as a hotel for the 1980 Summer Olympics but was later repurposed as housing for workers of the Znamya Truda aviation plant. The building’s defining architectural feature is its 40 massive reinforced concrete stilts, which elevate the first residential floor to the height of the fourth. This creates a striking visual effect of a “floating” structure, though in reality, the foundation and support system are made of solid reinforced concrete, ensuring the building’s stability. The structure consists of 13 residential floors and two technical levels—one beneath the stilts and another between the top floor and the roof. Measuring 130 meters in length, its façade is divided into three broad sections. The 40 reinforced concrete supports, arranged in 20 pairs, taper towards the ground so dramatically that they can be encircled by two people, enhancing the illusion of fragility. However, the building remains structurally sound, with the open space beneath the stilts commonly used as a parking area by residents. Ministry of Highway Construction of the Georgian SSR Ministry of Highway Construction of the Georgian SSR (Здание Министерства автомобильных дорог Грузинской ССР) The Ministry of Highway Construction building in the Georgian SSR, now acquired by the Bank of Georgia in 2007, is a striking example of Soviet Brutalist architecture. Located in Tbilisi, Georgia, this 18-story building was designed by architects George Chakhava and Zurab Jalaghania and completed in 1975. The engineer was Temur Tkhilava. Its unique design features interlocking concrete forms that resemble a stack of blocks, creating a visually dynamic and innovative structure. The building's location on a steep slope presented a unique challenge, which the architects ingeniously addressed by orienting three of the interlocking blocks on an east-west axis and the remaining two on a north-south axis. This configuration not only optimized the building's footprint but also created a dynamic interplay of volumes and shadows. The Ministry of Highway Construction building is a prime example of Soviet Brutalist architecture. Characterized by its raw concrete exterior, geometric forms, and emphasis on functionality, the building reflects the era's ideals of progress and social engineering. The structure's imposing scale and bold design solidified its status as a landmark in Tbilisi's skyline. Originally intended to house the Ministry of Highway Construction, the building reflects the Soviet Union’s emphasis on infrastructure development and modernization. The architects aimed to symbolize progress and modernity through the building’s bold design, which stands out against the backdrop of Tbilisi’s traditional architecture. In 2007, the building underwent a significant transformation when it was acquired by the Bank of Georgia. A comprehensive renovation project was undertaken to adapt the space to the bank's needs while preserving its architectural integrity. A new main entrance and underground lobby were added, creating a seamless transition between the historic structure and modern amenities. One of the most remarkable aspects of the building is its use of cantilevered sections, which create a sense of balance and harmony despite the massive concrete forms. This design not only maximizes the use of space but also allows for natural light to penetrate the interior, enhancing the building’s functionality. Celebrated for its bold aesthetic, the structure remains an iconic example of Soviet-era architectural ambition. Today, the former Ministry of Highway Construction remains an iconic landmark in Tbilisi, admired for its architectural innovation and historical significance. It serves as a testament to the creativity and ambition of Soviet-era architects, continuing to inspire and captivate visitors and architecture enthusiasts alike. “Amanaus” Hotel in Dombay The Abandoned “Amanaus” Hotel in Dombay (Заброшенная гостиница “Аманауз” в Домбае) The abandoned “Amanaus” Hotel in Dombay, built in 1985, is a haunting reminder of the Soviet Union’s ambitious architectural projects. At the foot of the Caucasus Mountains in the resort village of Dombay in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, one can still see this Soviet monolith. The futuristic structure, dating back to approximately the mid 1980s, resembles honeycombs that will never be inhabited. It was intended to be a resort accommodating 630 people. The actual construction probably began between 1980 and 1982. It is still mystery but the construction was abruptly halted in 1985, just a few months before completion. A glimpse inside reveals that only wallpapering and furnishing remained. Utilities were already installed, walls plastered, and some doors fitted. The sudden cessation of construction remains a mystery. Unfortunately, we have not yet found reliable information about the course of construction and its abrupt halt. It is likely that records or official decrees may be found in libraries, if not in press reports, and we plan to investigate this further. The creators of the hotel were most likely inspired by the architecture of French ski resorts. In resorts like Tignes, Val Thorens, La Plagne, or Le Corbier, cozy alpine chalets are interspersed with similar multi-story structures. And it cannot be said that these buildings look unattractive or out of place. Residential Complex "Aul" Residential Complex "Aul" (Almaty, Kazakhstan, 1983)Жилой комплекс “Аул” (Almaty, Kazakhstan, 1983) The unfinished "Aul" microdistrict on Tole Bi Street is an impressive experiment in urban development. The complex, consisting of four towers built in 1983, is just a part of a large-scale reconstruction project for the entire "Tastak" area along Tole Bi Street. The project was designed by architects B. Voronin, L. Andreyeva, V. Vi, M. Dzhaikipbayev, and E. Rykov. Originally, the plan was to construct 33 monolithic towers of varying heights, grouped together similarly to the existing structure at the intersection with Volkhovskaya Street. In addition to residential buildings, the plan included the creation of service enterprises, but this was hindered by the collapse of the country and its economy. The core structure of the towers is made of monolithic reinforced concrete, constructed using sliding formwork. The towers themselves are designed in a trefoil configuration, allowing the architects to arrange them in various compositions. Spaces were left between the buildings for walkways, but higher up, the buildings almost touch each other, forming arches. The main expressive feature is the numerous semicircular balconies that densely populate the building's facades. The corners of the solid walls also have a rounded shape. Vilnius Palace of Concerts and Sports Vilnius Palace of Concerts and Sports In 1960 (or 1961, according to some sources), a competition was announced by the Institute of Urban Development Design for the creation of a sports hall in Vilnius, intended to expand the large sports complex adjacent to the Žalgiris Stadium. Three architectural teams participated in the competition. The second-place project, designed by Eduardas Chlomauskas, Jonas Kriukelis and Zigmantas Lendzbergis, was selected for construction due to its distinctive plastic silhouette. The Vilnius Palace of Concerts and Sports is a notable example of brutalist architecture. Completed in 1971, the building incorporates key brutalist elements such as exposed concrete, a utilitarian design, and sculptural, raw forms. The original engineering innovation of the building lies in its cable-stayed roof structures, designed by engineer Henrikas Karvelis. The façade and interior were finished with dolomite tiles, a material typical for that period. The foyer was decorated with wooden panels integrated into the walls, designed by artist R. Kavaliauskas. The northern wing of the building housed a café-bar adorned with mirrors and brown leatherette, designed by T. Baginskas. The palace's hall was designed for versatile use, featuring a transformable platform and a stage weighing 46 tons, which could be folded back against the hall’s rear wall. The seating capacity varied depending on the event: for hockey, the hall could accommodate 3,176 spectators; for basketball, 4,520; and for boxing, 5,400. If adapted for conferences or concerts, the maximum capacity could reach 6,000 people. The arena itself, primarily used for volleyball and basketball, had a seating capacity of 4,400. It is emblematic of Communist Modernism and remains one of the few surviving sports arenas in this architectural style. The exterior of the Sports Palace bears similarities to other contemporary structures, including the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna (1958), the Sports Palace in Minsk (1966), the Hala Olivia in Gdańsk, Poland, and the now-demolished Volgar Sports Palace in Tolyatti, Russia. However, it features an original roof design that sets it apart. Unfortunately, due to safety concerns, the palace was closed in 2004. The 15th Building of the Belarusian National Technical University The 15th Building of the Belarusian National Technical University (BNTU), located in Minsk, is a striking example of Soviet brutalist architecture. The building is nicknamed "The Ship" due to its unusual shape, resembling the structure of an ocean liner. Construction of the 15th Building began in the 1970s, designed by the Minsk Architectural and Construction Institute (MASI), with the project authored by Igor Esman and Viktor Anikin. Although the full vision for MASI was not realized, the project was distinguished by its cohesive composition and scale, fitting the capital's architectural standards. The 15th academic building was opened in 1983, intended for the architecture and civil engineering faculties of the Belarusian Polytechnic Institute (now BNTU). Alongside the building, a teaching and laboratory block, dormitories, a canteen, and a sports and utility building were constructed. The reconstruction of the 15th Building began in June 2007. Until September 2008, landscaping work was carried out, including paving and facade improvements. However, due to insufficient funding, the reconstruction was halted. Today, the 15th Building of BNTU continues to serve as an educational and scientific center, reflecting the characteristics of Soviet architecture and the history of higher education development in Belarus. The Wedding Palace (Palace of Rituals) – Tbilisi, Georgia The Wedding Palace (also known as the Palace of Rituals) is an iconic example of Soviet-era brutalist architecture in Tbilisi, Georgia. Designed by architects Viktor Jorbenadze and Vazha Orbeladze, the building was constructed between 1980 and 1985 as a venue for wedding ceremonies. It is located at 21 Bochorma Street. One of the earliest high-profile ceremonies held at the palace was the 1987 wedding of singer Tamara Gverdtsiteli, attended by Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In 1990, Ian Gillan, the frontman of Deep Purple, renewed his vows with his wife Brona there during a tour. Following Georgia’s independence from the Soviet Union, the palace fell into disuse and remained abandoned for several years. In 2002, businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili purchased the property, converting it into a private residence and renaming it Arcadia Palace. After his death in 2008, he was buried in the palace garden, where a monument in his honor was erected in 2018. The Wedding Palace is often categorized as Brutalist architecture, yet it also blends elements of organic modernism. The use of raw concrete, geometric massing, and a fortress-like design aligns with Brutalism, while its fluid, temple-like form and dramatic silhouette reflect influences from expressionist and futuristic architecture, drawing parallels to the works of Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer. Often compared to religious architecture, its futuristic, cathedral-like aesthetic has led Frederic Chaubin, editor-in-chief of Citizen K magazine, to describe it as "a cathedral from another, illusory world." Today, the palace remains closed to the public, with the grounds privately owned. Vilnius Marriage Palace The Vilnius Marriage Palace, also known as the Palace of Weddings, is primarily considered an example of Brutalist architecture, though it incorporates elements of late Soviet modernism. It was designed by a visionary team of architects led by Gediminas Baravykas. This striking structure not only set a precedent for similar buildings in Lithuania but also influenced architectural designs in neighboring countries. Architect: G. Baravykas Builder: A. Katilius Interior Design: E. Gūzas Stained Glass: K. Šatūnas Year: 1974 The building's design is unified, with the same stylistic elements carried through both its interior and exterior. Notable for its dynamic spaces and sculptural forms, the Palace of Marriages integrates harmoniously with its natural surroundings. The signature staircase on the façade serves as a symbolic bridge, representing the union of people’s lives. The interior and exterior have remained largely unchanged, offering a rare opportunity to explore one of the most impressive examples of late 20th-century architecture. For many residents of Vilnius, the building holds a cherished place in their most treasured memories. Kokhi Borbad The Kokhi Borbad (Palace of Culture and Congresses) in Dushanbe is a remarkable example of Soviet brutalist architecture. Situated by the serene Komsomolskoye Lake, this imposing structure, resembling an alien spacecraft, was designed by architect Sergo Sutyagin. It houses the largest concert hall in Tajikistan, with a capacity of 2,300 seats.Its construction during the late Soviet period aligns with a phase where architects explored beyond traditional modernism, incorporating elements that could be classified as Brutalist, especially given its concrete construction and monumental scale. The building's massive concrete facade, adorned with bold geometric patterns and sweeping curves, sets it apart from other Soviet-era public buildings. Its imposing, almost otherworldly design reflects the ambition of Soviet architecture in Central Asia, seamlessly merging monumental scale with artistic vision. Inside, Kokhi Borbad boasts an expansive auditorium designed for optimal acoustics, enhanced by intricate interior decorations that fuse Soviet and Tajik artistic influences. The hall's grand stage has hosted an array of performances, from classical music concerts to state ceremonies, cementing its role as a central venue for cultural expression. Although it was constructed during the Soviet era, Kokhi Borbad continues to be a vital cultural center in modern Tajikistan, hosting concerts, festivals, and government events. Its futuristic design remains a powerful symbol of Soviet architectural ambition and cultural identity in the region. Chuvash State Opera and Ballet Theater The Chuvash State Opera and Ballet Theater, located in Cheboksary, Chuvashia, Russia, is a major cultural institution with deep historical roots. Designed by architects R. Begunts and V. Teneta, the current building was completed in 1986. While some classify its style as Soviet modernism, the dominant architectural influence is Brutalism. Today, it remains the largest theater company in the Volga region and a key pillar of Chuvashia’s cultural scene. The appearance of photos and videos of this unique building on social media attracts a lot of attention, striking with its bold and unconventional appearance. Bonus Building: Though not located within the former Soviet Union, this structure stands as a striking Soviet creation in Cuba. We’re talking about the Embassy of the Russian Federation in Havana—a formidable example of Soviet Brutalism abroad. Designed by Alexander Grigoryevich Rochegov and his wife Maria Alexandrovna Engelke, in collaboration with the design organization Mosproekt-1, this iconic building was constructed between 1978 and 1987 and remains one of the most imposing Soviet-era structures outside the USSR. The building was initially opened as the Soviet embassy during a time when Soviet influence in Cuba was at its peak. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, it transitioned to its current status as the Russian Embassy. Its towering, angular form, resembling a sword planted into the ground, dominates Havana’s skyline. No surprise, the building quickly earned the nickname "control tower," a playful reference to both its resemblance to an air traffic control tower and the USSR's dominant role in the bilateral relationship between Cuba and the Soviet Union. A classic example of Brutalist architecture, the embassy features raw concrete, sharp geometric lines, and a fortress-like presence, reflecting both Soviet power projection and the architectural trends of the time. Conclusion Brutalist architecture in the Soviet Union represents a fascinating blend of functionality, ideology, and artistic expression. These structures, with their bold designs and raw concrete forms, continue to captivate architects and enthusiasts around the world. They stand as a testament to a unique period in architectural history, reflecting the ambitions and challenges of the Soviet era. 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Finding boots that fit my size 48 feet has always been a challenge. After an extensive search, I finally discovered the Garmont Scarponi Pinnacle GTX boots in size 48. Here is my quick review of these boots. < Back Garmont Boots Review: My Experience and Thoughts Finding boots that fit my size 48 feet has always been a challenge. After an extensive search, I finally discovered the Garmont Scarponi Pinnacle GTX boots in size 48. Here is my quick review of these boots. Hiking Experience I typically use lightweight Quechua hiking shoes, but they lack waterproof capabilities. I needed high-quality boots for hiking in conditions where melting snow could lead to wet feet. The Garmont Scarponi Pinnacle GTX boots met my needs perfectly. Although they are slightly heavy, they performed exceptionally well in waterproofing tests and, most importantly, provided a comfortable fit. Unboxing my new GARMONT boots The company describes these boots as, “Designed for the expert hiker who also uses a heavy backpack. Extremely versatile for challenging backpacking and mixed routes.” Features Equipped with a Vibram® Titus sole with semi-solid heel and toe, these boots perform well on hard surfaces and are non-slip on wet stones. The concave profile of the heel increases the braking effect during descents. While I expected better quality from the insoles, Garmont states, “Ultra-light insole, in nylon and fiberglass, with air chambers for lightness and better insulation capacity.” They may be effective, but it is visually challenging to distinguish this. After 1 year of use they look really very fresh Specifications by Garmont Protection: 5/5 Lightness: 3/5 Support: 4/5 Stiffness: 4/5 Fit: Alpine Technologies ADD® Technology FROM THE GROUND, UP! What I loved most, apart from the perfect fit, is the waterproof quality. According to Garmont, these boots are designed with GORE-TEX® Performance Comfort product technology, ideal for outdoor activities in moderate temperatures. They offer long-term waterproofing with optimal breathability, thanks to their innovative construction, making them suitable for a wide range of outdoor activities and changing weather conditions. The insole length is 32 centimeters for size 48. For hiking, these boots are relatively heavy: a single size 42 boot weighs 858 grams, while a single size 48 boot weighs 1080 grams. Overall, I am very pleased with these boots and plan to purchase walking shoes from this brand in the future. Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia

The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and the ROT54 telescope in Armenia are connected in their shared purpose of advancing radio astronomy and space science, albeit with differences in scale, design, and focus. Both installations were pioneers in radio astronomy, leveraging fixed spherical dishes to achieve high sensitivity for observing faint objects. However, they were built independently, with different designs and under distinct geopolitical contexts. Let’s talk about these scientific marvels which are now echoes of the bygone past. < Back From Arecibo Observatory to Herouni Telescope in Armenia The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and the ROT54 telescope in Armenia are connected in their shared purpose of advancing radio astronomy and space science, albeit with differences in scale, design, and focus. Both installations were pioneers in radio astronomy, leveraging fixed spherical dishes to achieve high sensitivity for observing faint objects. However, they were built independently, with different designs and under distinct geopolitical contexts. Let’s talk about these scientific marvels which are now echoes of the bygone past. Arecibo Observatory: The Hanging Giant Completed in 1963, the Arecibo Observatory was once the largest single-aperture radio telescope in the world, featuring a vast 305-meter-wide dish embedded within a natural limestone sinkhole. Located near the city of Arecibo in Puerto Rico, it was initially designed to study the ionosphere but later became a vital tool for space exploration and radio astronomy. The observatory's design included a cable-mounted steerable receiver, along with several radar transmitters placed 150 meters above the dish. Assembly of cables supporting reflecting dish. 1963 The dish itself was fixed to the Earth, which meant it could only point to the section of the sky directly overhead. To overcome this limitation, the designers opted for a spherical dish instead of a traditional parabolic one. This choice allowed the telescope to receive signals from a broader range of angles, though it required careful adjustments for optimal functionality. Aerial view of Arecibo Observatory in December 2012 The telescope's instruments were housed on a triangular platform suspended above the dish by steel cables, supported by three reinforced concrete towers positioned at the 4, 8, and 12 o'clock positions. These cables were crucial for maintaining the platform’s position and stability. As the telescope’s capabilities expanded, additional upgrades were made, including the introduction of the Gregorian dome in 1997, which housed additional reflectors to improve signal focus. While this upgrade enhanced the telescope’s performance, it also added significant weight to the structure. To support this added load, the observatory’s engineers reinforced the system with auxiliary cables, backstays, and tie-downs to maintain the platform's stability. The beam-steering mechanism of Arecibo telescope A sophisticated laser ranging system helped adjust the tension in these cables, ensuring that the platform remained perfectly stable and aligned within millimeter precision—an essential feature for such a sensitive scientific instrument. For 53 years, from its completion in 1963 until 2016, Arecibo held the title of the world’s largest single-aperture radio telescope, until it was surpassed by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in Guizhou, China. Arecibo played a central role in research across several scientific domains, including radio astronomy, atmospheric science, and radar astronomy. It also contributed significantly to programs focused on detecting near-Earth objects and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Scientists from around the world submitted research proposals for the observatory, which were rigorously evaluated by independent referees. Notably, NASA utilized Arecibo for projects like near-Earth object detection. Here is a list of key discoveries made by the Arecibo Observatory: 1967: Arecibo discovered that Mercury’s rotation rate is 59 days, not the previously estimated 88 days. 1972: The observatory was used to simultaneously heat and observe the D- and E-regions of the ionosphere. 1974: Arecibo discovered the first-ever binary pulsar, a breakthrough that earned Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics. 1975: S-band radar observations of Mars were made to support NASA’s Viking mission. 1981: Arecibo produced the first radar maps of Venus’s surface. 1992: The observatory discovered the first-ever exoplanet, followed by the discovery of an entire planetary system around the pulsar PSR 1257+12. 1994: Arecibo mapped the distribution of polar ice on Mercury. 1996: Arecibo detected the ionized helium layer in the ionosphere. 2006: The observatory made observations of ionospheric perturbations caused by a tropical storm. 2008: Arecibo detected methanimine and hydrogen cyanide molecules in a galaxy 250 million light-years away—key ingredients for forming amino acids. 2016: The observatory discovered the first-ever repeating fast radio burst, which showed that the source of the burst survives, ruling out certain models of catastrophic explosions. 2017: Arecibo discovered two pulsars that intermittently vanish and reappear, challenging the belief that pulsars are consistent, orderly timekeepers. These discoveries underscore Arecibo's vital contributions to radio astronomy and space exploration. Arecibo Observatory's collapse! Credits: Arecibo Observatory and U.S. National Science Foundation Facility In the early 2000s, NASA began to reduce its funding for the Arecibo Observatory, which increased pressure on the National Science Foundation (NSF) to maintain financial support. In 2006, the NSF first suggested the possibility of significantly reducing its funding and potentially decommissioning the observatory. In 2017, damage to the telescope from Hurricane Maria prompted the NSF to reconsider decommissioning due to the growing costs of maintenance. Following a series of cable failures in August and November 2020, the NSF announced its decision to decommission the telescope via controlled demolition, although other facilities at the observatory would remain operational. The Arecibo Telescope during demolition process, December 2021 Before demolition could proceed safely, additional support cables at the Arecibo Observatory failed on December 1, 2020, at 7:55 A.M. local time, triggering a catastrophic collapse. In under 30 seconds, a supporting cable from one of the three towers broke, weakened by years of corrosion and moisture. This led to the suspended antenna falling more than 500 feet (150 meters) into the dish below, causing extensive damage to the telescope. The collapse marked a significant blow to the observatory, just months after an earlier cable failure had prompted the decision to decommission the facility The observatory’s distinctive and futuristic design captured public imagination, leading to its inclusion in several film, television, and video game productions. It is famously featured in the climactic scene of the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye. Furthermore, Arecibo is one of the 116 images included in the Voyager Golden Record, a collection of humanity’s achievements launched into space on the Voyager spacecraft. Since 2008, it has been listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, recognizing its significant contributions to science and popular culture. ROT54: Armenia’s Celestial Eye The ROT54 telescope in Armenia represents a distinct chapter in the history of astronomical exploration. Built during the Soviet era, this 54-meter radio telescope was designed to study astrophysical phenomena such as pulsars and cosmic microwave background radiation. Located in Orgov village, on the south slopes of Mount Aragats, Armenia’s tallest peak, the telescope’s position provided an exceptional vantage point for observing the universe. The construction process of ROT54 telescope in Orgov village Constructed between 1975 and 1985, ROT54 became operational in 1986, continuing its work until 1990, when financial and technical challenges led to its deactivation. A proposal to restore the facility emerged in the mid-1990s, leading to a modernization phase between 1995 and 2010. This upgrade included the installation of new control computers and updated feeds, and operations resumed in collaboration with the Astronomical Society of Russia and the National Technical University of Athens. However, in 2012, operations were halted again after a control arm failure immobilized the secondary mirror. Herouni Mirror Radio Telescope (Зеркальный радиотелескоп геруни) Patent No. 1377941 ROT54 is composed of 4,000 mirrors and features a large two-mirror antenna with a 54-meter diameter, complemented by an optical telescope with a 2.6-meter diameter. During its operational years, the telescope made significant contributions to astrophysics. For instance, in 1985, it recorded a powerful radio flare from the red giant star Eta Gemini, a phenomenon that had never been observed before. The telescope's high sensitivity enabled it to detect faint radio emissions from distant stars and galaxies, contributing valuable data to the scientific community. Additionally, ROT54’s remarkably low noise levels allowed its creator, Paris Herouni, to challenge prevailing cosmological theories. Notably, it was used to investigate the existence of the "relic background" and to test the Big Bang theory. Aerial footage of ROT54 Similarities and Contrasts Both Arecibo and ROT54 are prime examples of the power of large-scale radio telescopes in expanding our understanding of the cosmos. The two observatories had their own destiny, however: Arecibo gained worldwide recognition for its groundbreaking discoveries, while ROT54 operated quietly within the Soviet Union, largely unnoticed by the rest of the world. Me sitting in the control room of ROT54 Conclusion The Arecibo Observatory and ROT54 telescope are monuments to human curiosity, innovation, and the pursuit of knowledge. Arecibo’s legacy lives on in the annals of space exploration, while ROT54 continues to inspire as a relic of Soviet ingenuity and Armenian heritage. Together, these observatories highlight humanity’s unyielding quest to understand the universe, and their enduring appeal ensures that the search for knowledge remains a universal endeavor. 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Meet the incredible Yuri Aleksandrovich Vetokhin (March 19, 1928 – March 6, 2022), a daring writer and defector who challenged the Soviet Union. Attempting three escapes, he leaped from a cruise ship in 1979, swimming 30 km to freedom. His memoir "Inclined to Escape" vividly recounts his audacious journey. < Back Inclined to Escape - The Daring Journey of Yuri Vetokhin from Soviet Chains Meet the incredible Yuri Aleksandrovich Vetokhin (March 19, 1928 – March 6, 2022), a daring writer and defector who challenged the Soviet Union. Attempting three escapes, he leaped from a cruise ship in 1979, swimming 30 km to freedom. His memoir "Inclined to Escape" vividly recounts his audacious journey. Born in Leningrad in 1928, Yuri Vetokhin’s early life was marked by tragedy when, during the siege of Leningrad, his parents perished in 1942. His uncle rescued the half-dead 13-year-old Yuri, transporting him across the ice of Lake Ladoga to an evacuation point. After the war, Yuri Vetokhin returned to Leningrad, where he finished school and enrolled in the Leningrad Naval Academy. Upon graduation, he received the rank of officer and qualified as a long-distance navigation navigator. In the early 1950s, Vetokhin served as a navigator on one of the ships. In 1951, he married Tatyana Ivanovna. However, their marriage was difficult: in 1954, Tatyana filed a complaint with the party organization of the military unit where Vetokhin served, accusing him of anti-Soviet activities. This led to an investigation and interrogations, after which Yuri attempted suicide. In 1955, their marriage ended in divorce. In 1958, after leaving military service, Vetokhin moved to Leningrad. During the 1960s, he worked as the chief engineer of the computer center at the Leningrad Engineering and Economic Institute. In addition to his professional activities, Yuri actively participated in cultural life by joining the Leningrad City Literary Association. It was during this period that he began preparing for his escape abroad. Image of Yuri Vetokhin First Escape On August 13, 1963, Yuri executed his initial escape attempt, swimming across the USSR border from Batumi to Turkey. Lost in a night storm, he was arrested on August 14 and taken to the headquarters of the border troops of the Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Despite eight days of detention and interrogation, he managed to hide his intentions by posing as a marathon swimmer and was eventually released. Second Escape and Imprisonment On July 12, 1967, he made a second attempt to escape from the southern coast of Crimea but was discovered, arrested, and taken aboard a warship of the Black Sea Fleet. This led to charges under various articles of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR, ultimately resulting in Yuri's confinement to mental hospitals and prisons. Before the verdict was passed, he was held in Kharkov prison and then in Kherson prison. A forensic psychiatric examination in December 1967 declared him healthy, leading to his transfer to Moscow with a note on his personal file “inclined to escape,” which later became the title of his book. Held in Butyrskaya and Lefortovo prisons, he was eventually sent to the Dnepropetrovsk psychiatric special hospital in March 1968. The extensive treatments rendered him practically bedridden by the end of 1974. Liberation and Third Escape In 1975, he admitted mental illness, leading to his release from compulsory treatment. After his discharge, Yuri worked as a loader and began preparations for a new escape. The cruise ship “Ilyich” In October 1979, he purchased a ticket for a cruise ship journey from Vladivostok along the Japanese and Philippine Islands to the equator and back. On November 28, as part of a group of tourists, Vetokhin flew to Vladivostok. On November 29, the cruise ship “Ilyich,” carrying 500 tourists, including Vetokhin, set off on a journey. On December 9, 1979, as the ship, preparing to return, was drifting in the Molucca Sea, approximately 30 kilometers from the Indonesian islands, Vetokhin, waiting until dark, executed his escape. Hanging from the backside of the porthole, he jumped from an 8-meter height and, after swimming about 30 kilometers in 20 hours, reached one of the islands. After completing legal formalities in Indonesia and securing political asylum, Yuri moved to the United States in early 1980, residing in San Diego. His autobiographical book “Inclined to Escape,” went through several reprints and brought him fame. In 1989, the non-governmental organization Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge awarded Yuri Vetokhin the medal “For Courage.” Vetokhin gave lectures in the USA and Canada about his escape and in support of Soviet dissidents, also appearing on Radio Liberty. Inclined to Escape by Yuri Vetokhin. Image credts: Ebay. Seller: The Rare Book Collective Until his passing in 2022, Yuri led an active lifestyle, driving cars, swimming, fishing, and traveling extensively. His story is a testament to resilience, courage, and the unwavering pursuit of freedom, with his memoir serving as a gripping account of a life shaped by defiance and the relentless quest for liberty. Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia

Armenia's mountains are not just geographical features; they are a significant part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity. Whether you're an avid hiker, a history enthusiast, or simply someone who appreciates natural beauty, the mountains of Armenia offer something for everyone. Exploring these sites against the backdrop of the towering peaks creates a unique and unforgettable experience. < Back Mountains in Armenia Armenia's mountains are not just geographical features; they are a significant part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity. Whether you're an avid hiker, a history enthusiast, or simply someone who appreciates natural beauty, the mountains of Armenia offer something for everyone. Exploring these sites against the backdrop of the towering peaks creates a unique and unforgettable experience. Armenia, a landlocked country, is renowned for its stunning and bountiful mountains. The country's landscape is dominated by rugged mountains and extinct volcanoes, making it a paradise for nature lovers and adventure seekers. Most of the mountains in Armenia are, in fact, extinct volcanoes. This geological history has resulted in a landscape characterized by tufa volcanic rock formations, which have been adapted into cave dwellings in places like Old Khot or Old Khndzoresk. Mount Aragats has four peaks, named according to their geographical location: Northern peak - 4,090 m (13,420 ft) - the highest peak in Armenia. Western peak - 3,995 m (13,107 ft). Eastern peak - 3,908 m (12,822 ft). Southern peak - 3,888 m (12,756 ft). The highest mountain in Armenia is Mount Aragats, standing at 4090 meters tall! Located in the Aragatsotn Province in the west of the country, it is known for its four peaks. Other notable peaks include Mount Azhdahak and Khustup Mountain, both offering breathtaking views and challenging climbs. The relatively large mountain ranges of Armenia are the Zangezur mountain range, Bargushat mountain range, and Geghama mountain range. View from the summit of mount Azhdahak, highest point of Geghama mountain range List of several mountain ranges: Geghama mountain range Zangezur mountain range Bargushat mountain range Bazum mountain range Sevan mountain range Shirak mountain range Pambak mountain range Vaik mountain range Lalwar mountain range Eastern Sevan mountain range Meghri mountain range Tegheniats mountain range Urts mountain range The mountains of Armenia are not just geological formations; they are deeply embedded in the country's cultural and historical narrative. Ancient monasteries and fortresses perch on rocky cliffs, telling stories of resilience and spiritual devotion. For centuries Silk Road caravans crawled along their treacherous paths, trading empires rose and fell under their watchful gaze while today they are attracting hikers from all over the world! Descending from mount Sevazhayr These mountains aren't just for admiring; they're for conquering. Hikers can carve their paths through verdant meadows and rocky passes, while trekkers can test their strength against soaring peaks, reaching for summits that touch the clouds and reward them with breathtaking panoramas. Even casual wanderers can find quiet meadows for picnics, hidden monasteries for reflection, and charming villages where warmth and hospitality abound. Gallery You May Also Like Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent” Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Molokans in Armenia